431 BC–-404 · Europe · War
Athens, Sparta and their alliances fought across the Greek world in a prolonged conflict marked by plague, revolt, naval warfare and the Sicilian disaster.
Atlas dossier · Biblical & ClassicalFree device narration · synchronized English captions · transcript available
Why it matters
Athens, Sparta and their alliances fought across the Greek world in a prolonged conflict marked by plague, revolt, naval warfare and the Sicilian disaster.
Pericles · Brasidas · Alcibiades · Lysander · Greek civilians
Sparta’s victory ended Athenian supremacy but left the Greek poleis weakened before Macedon’s rise.
Interpretation note
This dossier distinguishes the event’s basic chronology from later arguments about meaning, responsibility and legacy. When comparing religious, national, Indigenous or scholarly interpretations, consult the primary and institutional sources above alongside peer-reviewed historical work.
Elsewhere in the world
458 BC–-432 · Middle EastEzra, Nehemiah and Jerusalem restoredUnder Artaxerxes I, Ezra strengthened Torah-centered communal life and Nehemiah organized the rebuilding of Jerusalem’s walls amid political opposition.
334 BC–-323 · GlobalWars of Alexander the GreatAlexander’s Macedonian army defeated Achaemenid Persia, besieged Tyre, entered Egypt and campaigned through Central Asia to the Indus.
538 BC–-515 · Middle EastCyrus’s decree and the Second TemplePersian policy permitted Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple; work associated with Sheshbazzar, Zerubbabel and Jeshua culminated in its dedication under Darius I.