431–404 BCE · Europe · War
Athens, Sparta and their alliances fought across the Greek world in a prolonged conflict marked by plague, revolt, naval warfare and the Sicilian disaster; Persian support helped Sparta in the war’s closing phase.
Atlas dossier · Biblical & ClassicalFree device narration · synchronized English captions · transcript available
Why it matters
Silent pan-and-zoom motion derivative of the Peloponnesian War reconstruction; not archival footage.
Enlarge and examine the picturePrimary Atlas editorial reconstruction for Peloponnesian War.
World History in Pictures · Public site artwork. This record does not grant third-party republication rights.
How Atlas classifies this artwork →
Enlarge and examine the pictureSupporting Atlas reconstruction within the same Peloponnesian War editorial package; not an independent archival record.
World History in Pictures · Same editorial artwork package
How Atlas classifies this artwork →
Enlarge and examine the pictureContext crop from the same Peloponnesian War reconstruction; not an independent historical record.
World History in Pictures · Same editorial artwork package
How Atlas classifies this artwork →Interpretation note
This dossier distinguishes the event’s basic chronology from later arguments about meaning, responsibility and legacy. When comparing religious, national, Indigenous or scholarly interpretations, consult the primary and institutional sources above alongside peer-reviewed historical work.
Elsewhere in the world
458–432 BCE · Middle EastEzra, Nehemiah and Jerusalem restoredIn the traditional Artaxerxes I chronology, Ezra strengthened Torah-centered communal life from 458 BCE and Nehemiah governed Judah and organized the rebuilding of Jerusalem’s walls from 445/444 BCE; their sequence remains debated.
334–323 BCE · GlobalWars of Alexander the GreatAlexander’s Macedonian army defeated Achaemenid Persia, besieged Tyre, entered Egypt and campaigned through Central Asia to the Indus; his empire fragmented into successor kingdoms after his death.
538–515 BCE · Middle EastCyrus’s decree and the Second TemplePersian policy permitted Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple; work associated with Sheshbazzar, Zerubbabel and Jeshua culminated in its dedication under Darius I.
Ancient Greek social worlds: vessels, clothing and cultural exchange →