Liberal, democratic and national movements challenged Europe’s established order. The Frankfurt Assembly attempted to create a constitutional German nation-state.
Indonesians proclaimed independence in 1945 and fought Dutch efforts to restore colonial rule. The transfer of sovereignty in 1949 was a later milestone.
The war for independence ended French colonial rule in Algeria. Political sovereignty also raised questions about archives, art and who would control the cultural inheritance.
The overthrow of Batista opened a struggle over political power and property. Cuba’s relationship with the United States deteriorated as ties with the Soviet Union strengthened.
