1000 BCE–1300 CEIn-depth studyMarshallese stick chart in the Peabody Museum’s Pacific collection, Harvard University, photographed in 2012. A specifically Marshallese navigational teaching tradition—not a generic Polynesian map or evidence of all Pacific practices. The object’s maker and date are not established here.Picture source & rightsDaderot / Wikimedia Commons · CC0 · Resized and converted to WebP · Licence terms
Communities explored and settled the Pacific through voyages requiring skilled navigation and capable ocean-going craft. This broad survey begins long before European arrival.
Invasions, settlements and changing alliances transformed Roman Europe. Medieval kingdoms and modern European states emerged through further centuries of political change.
From lay preaching in medieval Lyon to civil rights in Piedmont, Waldensian history connects religious conviction with changing institutions, exile, books and contested memories.
Black writers, artists and musicians made new representations of modern life. Harlem was an important centre within a movement whose connections extended internationally.
Post-war agreements defined refugee protection and state responsibilities. The framework expanded beyond its original temporal and optional geographical limits.
The war for independence ended French colonial rule in Algeria. Political sovereignty also raised questions about archives, art and who would control the cultural inheritance.
Yugoslavia’s disintegration produced several wars with different chronologies. Political mobilisation, territorial projects and organised violence shaped their course.
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